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Tuesday, 13 August 2013

Outputs or errors of given simple program with explanation (131 to140)

131)      main()
{
char str1[] = {‘s’,’o’,’m’,’e’};
char str2[] = {‘s’,’o’,’m’,’e’,’\0’};
while (strcmp(str1,str2))
printf(“Strings are not equal\n”);
}
Answer:
“Strings are not equal”
“Strings are not equal”
….
Explanation:
If a string constant is initialized explicitly with characters, ‘\0’ is not appended automatically to the string. Since str1 doesn’t have null termination, it treats whatever the values that are in the following positions as part of the string until it randomly reaches a ‘\0’. So str1 and str2 are not the same, hence the result.

132)      main()
{
int i = 3;
for (;i++=0;) printf(“%d”,i);
}

Answer:
                        Compiler Error: Lvalue required.
Explanation:
As we know that increment operators return rvalues and  hence it cannot appear on the left hand side of an assignment operation.

133)      void main()
{
int *mptr, *cptr;
mptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));
printf(“%d”,*mptr);
int *cptr = (int*)calloc(sizeof(int),1);
printf(“%d”,*cptr);
}
Answer:
garbage-value 0
Explanation:
The memory space allocated by malloc is uninitialized, whereas calloc returns the allocated memory space initialized to zeros.
           
134)      void main()
{
static int i;
while(i<=10)
(i>2)?i++:i--;
            printf(“%d”, i);
}
Answer:
                        32767
Explanation:
Since i is static it is initialized to 0. Inside the while loop the conditional operator evaluates to false, executing i--. This continues till the integer value rotates to positive value (32767). The while condition becomes false and hence, comes out of the while loop, printing the i value.

135)      main()
{
                        int i=10,j=20;
            j = i, j?(i,j)?i:j:j;
                        printf("%d %d",i,j);
}

Answer:
10 10
Explanation:
                        The Ternary operator ( ? : ) is equivalent for if-then-else statement. So the question can be written as:
                        if(i,j)
                             {
if(i,j)
                             j = i;
                        else
                            j = j;                         
                        }
               else
                        j = j;                 


136)      1. const char *a;
2. char* const a;
3. char const *a;
-Differentiate the above declarations.

Answer:
1. 'const' applies to char * rather than 'a' ( pointer to a constant char )
            *a='F'       : illegal
                                    a="Hi"       : legal

2. 'const' applies to 'a'  rather than to the value of a (constant pointer to char )
            *a='F'       : legal
            a="Hi"       : illegal

3. Same as 1.

137)      main()
{
                        int i=5,j=10;
            i=i&=j&&10;
                        printf("%d %d",i,j);
}

Answer:
1 10
Explanation:
The expression can be written as i=(i&=(j&&10)); The inner expression (j&&10) evaluates to 1 because j==10. i is 5. i = 5&1 is 1. Hence the result.

138)      main()
{
                        int i=4,j=7;
            j = j || i++ && printf("YOU CAN");
                        printf("%d %d", i, j);
}

Answer:
4 1
Explanation:
The boolean expression needs to be evaluated only till the truth value of the expression is not known. j is not equal to zero itself means that the expression’s truth value is 1. Because it is followed by || and true || (anything) => true where (anything) will not be evaluated. So the remaining expression is not evaluated and so the value of i remains the same.
Similarly when && operator is involved in an expression, when any of the operands become false, the whole expression’s truth value becomes false and hence the remaining expression will not be evaluated.    
            false && (anything) => false where (anything) will not be evaluated.

139)      main()
{
                        register int a=2;
            printf("Address of a = %d",&a);
                        printf("Value of a   = %d",a);
}
Answer:
Compiler Error: '&' on register variable
Rule to Remember:
                         & (address of ) operator cannot be applied on register variables.
           
140)      main()
{
                        float i=1.5;
            switch(i)
                        {
                        case 1: printf("1");
                                    case 2: printf("2");
                                    default : printf("0");
            }
}
Answer:
Compiler Error: switch expression not integral
Explanation:

                        Switch statements can be applied only to integral types.

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